Wholetree bark and wood properties of loblolly pine from. Mar 05, 2018 choosing the right type of wood for your project requires a little background knowledge of the traits of different woods. Dependence on wood species and environmental conditions. See the articles wood allergies and toxicity and wood dust safety for more information. Domestically, both pine and cedar are harvested mainly in the northwest. In terms of yield, harvests of a green tonne of loblolly pine and slash pine would give approximately the same dry mass of wood, but slash pine provides more bark. The properties of pine make it a popular choice because of its easy cultivation and widespread availability. The janka scale ranks all wood for hardness, with a higher number correlating with a harder wood. Unlike wood properties, bark properties showed significant betweenspecies differences when determined at breast height alone, the exception being moisture content. Survival of bacteria on wood and plastic particles. Many of the mechanical properties of wood tabulated in this chapter were derived from extensive sampling and analysis procedures.
Peregrine pine types are known as white and yellow pine. Thermal modification improves the woods properties, thereby expanding the range of applications in which the wood can be used. Physical and mechanical properties of selected wood. Sometimes it grows over 90 metres high and four and one half metres in diameter. Cost performance, uses and production of pine wood chips the estimated cost of pwc, including the acquisition of pine trees, equipment to process the trees. Pine bark physical properties influenced by bark source and age jeb s. Pine bark physical properties influenced by bark source. The modulus of rigidity, also called shear modulus, indi cates the resistance to deflection of a member caused by shear stresses. Pine wood is a type of softwood and there are more than 100 species of pine trees all over the world. When lumber and other products are cut from the tree, the characteristics of these fibrous cells and their arrangement affect such properties. Mechanical properties of pinewood pinus sylvestris swollen. So, wood is anisotropic in both its hygroscopic behavior as well as its mechanical behavior.
It is not valid to list these values for species since a species has not been adequately sampled and tested. Wood, panel and structural timber products mechanical. Such calculation fits perfectly the sapwood of scots pine but is not applicable to wood species with low permeability caused by limited number of opened pits e. Wood is primarily composed of hollow, elongate, spindleshaped cells that are arranged parallel to each other along the trunk of a tree. Scots pine the wood database lumber identification softwood. Summarizes information on wood as an engineering material. In the temperate zone, the annual growth rings of many species e. Cedar and pine are two common options used for many building projects, both of which have a variety of subspecies scattered around the world. Steambending properties of southern pine publications srs. Its above average in all machining properties except shaping. Cong chen, wang wang, jinzhen cao, qi qi, and wenbo ma. Scots pine has a mild, resinous odor when being worked. Pine physical properties wooden house made of pine of technical drying. Wood handbookchapter 4mechanical properties of wood.
Colorado wood utilization and marketing assistance center. Spruce pine wood is lower in most strength values than the wood of the major southern pine species group. These properties are represented as the average mechanical properties of the species. Pack 212 in tucson, arizona, has conducted derbies since 1977. Chapter 5 mechanical properties of wood modulus of rigidity. Micrograph red pine ew early wood lw late wood rc resin canal r ray. As a manufacturer of wood components, woodcraft industries believes there is a crucial need to educate our company, customers, and consumers in regard to naturally occurring wood characteristics. Presents properties of wood and woodbased products of particular concern to the architect and engineer. Includes discussion of designing with wood and woodbased products along with some pertinent uses. Properties for visually graded dimension lumber from. Species of wood table of relative wood densities group i ash, commercial white 0. Pine tree, llc 40 skokie blvd, suite 610 northbrook, il 60062. For the sake of comparison, red oak gets a 1,290 on the janka scale.
Accoya woods performance credentials have been extensively researched and repeatedly demonstrated. The species is also a common tree in fastgrowing plantation forestry in. Pdf some physical and mechanical properties of pine wood. Earlywood is lighter in weight, softer, and weaker than latewood. Species comparison of the physical properties of loblolly. Each of these components contributes to fiber properties, which ultimately impact product properties. Spruce pine compares favorably with the western true firs in important bending properties, crushing strength perpendicular and parallel to grain, and hardness. Scots pine the wood database lumber identification. Additional information on wood properties and characteristics is given in references listed at the end of this chapter.
The strength and related properties of redwood 5 the last two columns of tables 1 and 2 are, respectively, percentage figures on the estimated probable variation in specific gravity of an individual tree as a whole from the corresponding average, and of an individual specimen of a tree from the same average. Baker abstract the fuel properties of wood can be summarized by ultimate and proximate analysis and determination of the high heating value. The alkylalkoxysilane aas preimpregnation method and thermal modification were combined to improve the waterrelated properties of southern yellow pine pinus spp. Pdf downloads of southern pine design value tables are available.
Yellow birch must be seasoned carefully to prevent checking and warping. This chapter discusses the physical properties of most. Click here for information regarding these design values. From a renewable resource that absorbs and sequesters carbon, the wood products industry makes products that are essential to everyday life. These tables provide cross sectional area, section modulus and moment of inertia for both xx and yy axis, for standard glulam sizes. The word edulis means edible, referring to the large seeds, known as pinyon nuts, pine nuts, and pinones. Clear wood specimens are usually considered homogeneous in wood mechanics. Pdf wood quality considerations for radiata pine in. Most important properties of wood and timber may be discussed under the following general headings. Pine wood is a frequently used material for fine and economic construction projects alike. Freshly harvested loblolly pine trees are chipped in an industrial tree chipper to yield coarse pine chips left. Index numbers table 1 provide a convenient means of comparing properties of the various species. Index numbers table 1 provide a convenient means of.
Most trees are characterized by a typical color and odor. Includes discussion of designing with wood and wood based products along with some pertinent uses. Radiata pine wood is very permeable, and is the substrate of choice for. Fonteno department of horticultural science, north carolina state university, raleigh, north carolina 27696 email. Physical and mechanical properties of selected wood species. Theres quite a range in density and strength when it comes to the pinus genus. Properties of thermally modified southern pine wood pretreated with alkylalkoxysilanes. Vacuum infrared drying technology allows us to control the properties of pine wood, for example, cracks appeared during the drying technology will no longer grow in the future, in contrast to other types of drying. Because of the greater density of latewood, the proportion of latewood is sometimes used to judge the strength of the wood. Pine wood is used in the construction of furniture, cabinetry, window frames, paneling, floors and roofing.
The experiment was laid out in complete block design cbd. Furthermore, clear radiata pine wood, free of knots and other defects, is available from plantations in new zealand 43. Garagpaskelardasht and pine trees at other sites have different wood properties. Spruces to more than 30 centimetres in ponderosa pine. Pdf wood samples collected from pines grew in excluded zones around the chernobyl nuclear power plant were investigated. A survey was undertaken of the intrinsic wood properties of corsican pine grown in new zealand on a wide variety of sites see fig. Wood fuel properties and fuel products from woods a.
Wood, panel and structural timber products mechanical properties density, fibre stress, compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of clear wood, panel and structural timber products. Pdf physical and chemical properties of contemporary pine wood. Presents properties of wood and wood based products of particular concern to the architect and engineer. The top level system function is to conduct a cub scout pinewood derby that maximizes scout enjoyment and minimizes hard feelings. Working with pine has been reported to cause allergic skin reactions andor asthmalike symptoms in some people. Characteristics oak is hard, stiff, strong, and shock resistant. In strength properties other than shock resistance and hardness, it is stronger than most mainland woods of comparable density tables 1 and 4. Pdf survival of bacteria on wood and plastic particles. Lunawood thermowood is a beautiful, sustainable wood material produced by using natural methods, heat and steam.
Wood properties forest products laboratory usda forest service. All the important seedlots were sampled at least once and intensive sampling of one widespread type was carried out to yield information on the variation of wood properties caused by altitude and latitude. Many of the mechanical properties of wood tabulated in this chapter were. Design values for visually graded dimension lumber 2 4. It is similar to denser species such as coast douglasfir. Pine wood is used for making carpentry items, such as floors, window frames, furniture and paneling. Wood materials used in cabinets and furniture are products of nature and include numerous color hues, grain patterns and other natural characteristics. Thus the mechanical properties of the clear wood may indicate that a species is an excellent wood for boxes for bulk commodities, but the lumber may be unsuited for such use because of a characteristic tendency of the knots to.
Although wood is an excellent heat insulator, its strength and other properties are affected adversely by exposure for extended periods to temperatures above about 100f. Species comparison of the physical properties of loblolly and. Because of the orientation of the wood fibers, and the manner in which a tree increases in diameter as it grows, properties vary along three mutually perpendicular axes. Yellow pine earns an 870, while cedar comes in at an even 900. Properties pine wood is mediumweight and relatively soft.
Mechanical properties of wood forest products laboratory. Anatomical, physical, and mechanical properties of eldar pine. Pdf investigations were carried out on the contemporary wood of scots pine pinus sylvestris l. These course chips are then processed through a hammer mill to create the small, uniform, nonfibrous pine wood chip pwc aggregates.
Many publications listed here contain information based upon design values for visually graded southern pine dimension lumber that became effective june 1, 20. Kretschmann contents orthotropic nature of wood 41 elastic properties 42 modulus of elasticity 42 poissons ratio 42 modulus of rigidity 43 strength properties 43 common properties 43 less common properties 424 vibration properties. Width of the sapwood may vary from a few centimetres in douglas fir and. Pure substances and aqueous solutions influenced the mechanical properties of wood in different ways. The rating for white pine, one of the most common varieties, is 420. The wood of paper birch is considerably lighter than the other two birches and ranks below them in hardness, strength, and stiffness. The higher the proportion of summerwood, the heavier and harder the wood.
Table 1 presents major chemical compositions of some wood species. This method is useful with such species as the southern pines, douglasfir, and the ringporous hardwoods ash, hickory, and oak. Fundamental properties of masson pine pinus massoniana lamb. These trees bear cones and most of them have needle. Accoya has properties that exceed those of the worlds best woods yet it is manufactured by modifying wood sourced from wellmanaged sustainable forests without the introduction of toxins. To efficiently utilize the masson pine plantation wood, it is important. Southern pine wood can be successfully steambent if the bending jig incorporates a flexible metal bending strap together with a mechanism to apply a uniform end compression load during the. Mechanical properties of pinewood pinus sylvestris swollen in. Department of forestry and wood technology, federal university of technology akure, ondo state, nigeria, between may 2012 and september 2012. Pine south african pine as it is commonly known is a collective noun for a variety of pines in south africa. As a result, wood possesses material properties that may be significantly different from other materials normally encountered in structural design. South african pine is a soft wood and cheaper furniture is often made of pine. The three moduli of rigidity denoted by glr, glt, and grt are the elastic constants in the lr, lt, and rt planes, respectively.
Take one of the species of southern yellow pine, shortleaf pine, for instance. Similarly, a freshly cut teak wood has a golden yellow shade. This moisture relationship has an important influence on wood properties and performance. The combination of high relative humidity or mc and high temperatures, in unventilated attic areas, can have serious effects on roof sheathing. The american wood council awc is the voice of north american traditional and engineered wood products. Lunawood thermowood stable and sustainable wood material. Pine wood is known for its properties in resisting swelling and shrinking. Additional information on wood properties and characteristics is given in references. Section properties american institute timber construction. Yellow pine is stronger and harder than white pine. As with other coniferous woods, the properties of the wood depend upon the density of the annual growth rings.
Mechanical properties strength robusta is a very strong wood. Department of forestry and wood technology, federal university of technology akure, ondo state, nigeria. Mechanical properties of pinewood pinus sylvestris. Kretschmann contents orthotropic nature of wood 41 elastic properties 42 modulus of elasticity 42 poissons ratio 42 modulus of rigidity 43 strength properties 43. Table 1 provides the design values for visually graded southern pine dimension lumber that became effective june 1, 20. Properties of thermally modified southern pine wood. Wood handbookchapter 3physical properties and moisture. And, just as shrinking and swelling of wood vary in the radial, tangential, and longitudinal directions, so do various mechanical properties of wood.
Top 6 properties of wood and timber used in construction. Wood is essentially composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, and extractives. Thus, walnut wood is distinguished by its typical dark brown color. Design values for visually graded dimension lumber 24 thick except southern pine species and commercial grade size classification bending fb tension parallel to grain ft shear parallel to grain fv compression perpendicular to grain fc1 compression parallel to grain fc modulus of elasticity e minimum modulus of elasticity emin. Pine sapwood, swollen in aqueous solutions of ethanol, has better elastic properties compared to wood, swollen in. Chemical composition of some wood species1 constituent scots pine pinus sylvestris. Pine sapwood, swollen in aqueous solutions of ethanol, has better elastic properties compared to wood, swollen in other organic liquids used in this study. Properties of wood there are fewer species of conifers.
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